World Civ Unit 3 - Democratic Revolutions
Thermidorian Reaction
Robespierre says he has a new list of traitors, is arrested, tries to kill himself, then is executed, ending the Reign
The Declaration of the Rights of Man
first constitution of France, foundation for modern French constitution, adopted by National Assembly
National Assembly
group established by 3rd estate to be the voice and government of the people
Louis XVI's execution
guillotined so the revolution can live
civil service system
hiring government workers on the basis of open, competitive examinations and merit rather than class (schooling to raise good politicians)
Battle for Philadelphia
important American city lost to the British
essay: What is the Reign of Terror? Why did it begin? What were its goals? How did it end? Was it successful?
intro: during French rev, began to protect the rev from its enemies thesis: not successful bc became enemy of rev p1: GOALS: eliminate enemies (created many more, textbook 2006 says priests, peasants, rebels), outlined enemies (Law of Suspects Sept 1793--royalty, loyalists, ppl who opposed rev), church was enemy, shopowners/farmers targeted (Decree Against Profiteers July 1793--goal bring down price of bread), foreign enemies (Austria and Britain--goal make war better) p2: COSTS: suspended constitution, Decree (punishment doesn't match crime), Law of S (lots of people enemies, killing their own ppl), Rights of Man 1789 (freedom speech, cruel and unusual, fair trial), innocents killed (rights and lives (85% peasants)--tree boy, Danton (a former rev leader), peasants) p3: RATIONALE: rev vs const gov, less laws binding rev gov bc war, rights will be given back in const gov, rev gov = brand new so nothing to compare to, tyrants don't explain themselves, Terror = necessary (establish stable foundations of gov, kill "enemies of the people"), Thermidorian Reaction conclusion: bread prices down, war better, enemies eliminated
St. Helena
where Napoleon spent the last of his days in exile
Valley Forge
where Washington's troops camp in the winter of 1779-80, Friedrich von Steuben trains them, 25% die
storming the Bastille
rebels try to get ammo from inside the Bastille, kill and behead guards and tear down prison, seen as start of French Revolution
conservatives
resisted change during revolution
Treaty of Paris
said America was free and independent
legitimacy
said the only legitimate rulers of Europe are the hereditary monarchies, debated at Congress of Vienna
Lexington and Concord
shot heard 'round the world, opening of hostilities
Intolerable Acts
shuts Boston down, quartering act, no local government (punishment for protests like Boston Tea Party)
Reign of Terror
started by Committee of Public Safety, goal was to eliminate all enemies of revolution and then give people power back, de-Christianization, suspended constitution, conscription
Townshend Acts
tax on glass, paper, lead, and tea
old regime
the monarchy and old feudal ways of doing things
Battle of Saratoga
turning point for Americans, gained French support
Tea Act
universal tax on tea, led to Boston Tea Party
Napoleon
very popular French general, political leader, and emperor
short answer: What mistakes led to the collapse of Napoleon's empire?
-continental system: continental Europe not allowed to trade with Britain (biggest exporter), unpopular and ignored, can't be enforced (Britain has better boats), hurts French economy, Napoleon goes crazy -peninsular war: N attacks Spain and Portugal for not listening, ultimately wins but at a heavy price (lots of men die from disease, loses finest officers and soldiers, BUT does install his brother as king) -invasion of Russia: N invades Russia for not listening, extreme summer and lack of supplies weakens army, seizes Moscow but Tzar waits him out, forced to retreat and defeated by 6th coalition, N exiled
the three estates
1st (clergy, 1%), 2nd (nobility, 2%), 3rd (everyone else, 97%)
Estates General
3 chamber body of government with representatives from each class
Tennis Court Oath
3rd estate gets together and decides they're the voice of the people and that they're not going to stop meeting until they have a constitution
Battle of Bunker Hill
Americans held their own for a while, major British casualties, eventually Americans had to flee, first major battle of revolution
Charles Cornwallis
British general defeated at Yorktown
General Burgoyne
British general whose slow progress to Saratoga ended in disaster
Battle of Long Island (New York)
British victory, colonists outnumbered, almost the end of the conflict but fog covered colonist retreat
war with Austria
France declares war on Austria for trying to give total power back to Louis
Louis XVIII
French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies before and after Napoleon's exile
radicals
Jacobins and Sans-culottes, believed in a full revolution (abolish slavery, women's suffrage), take control of France
Battle of Waterloo
Napoleon defeated after 100 days and exiled to St. Helena
Battle of Leipzig
Napoleon defeated by 6th coalition, army torn apart
Saint Domingue (Haiti)
Napoleon gives up trying to crush their rebellion, slave revolt ended in abolition of slavery
Peninsular War
Napoleon invades Spain and Portugal and goes to war because they ignore Continental System, eventually wins but at a huge cost, installs his brother as king of Spain
Louisiana Purchase
Napoleon needed cash for boats, so sold territory to Thomas Jefferson and doubled the size of the U.S.
continental system
Napoleon says none of continental Europe can trade with Britain, very unpopular, people ignore him
the 100 days
Napoleon sneaks away from exile and rules France again for 100 days
Battle of Trafalgar
Napoleon's first major defeat, Spanish and French navy crushed by British fleets
invasion of Russia
Napoleon's most famous mistake, Russian winter killed his troops and forced him to finally retreat, leading to his downfall
Battle of Austerlitz
Napoleon's most famous victory, beat Russia and Austria
collapse of New Spain
Peninsular War and removing the royals destabilizes New Spain, along with weaker economies than English and French colonies
Boston Tea Party
Sons of Liberty led colonists in dumping British tea into harbor in protest of taxes
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule
Concert of Europe
agreement between all European countries to work together to stamp out any democratic revolutions
Yorktown
battle that ended the Revolutionary War
Boston Massacre
first bloodshed of American Revolution, redcoats killed 5 people in 1770
George Washington
commander in chief of military
Nathanael Greene
commander of Southern colonist forces, "fighting Quaker"
September Massacres
commoners storm prisons full of nobles and royalty and kill them all out of fear that they were conspiring with Austria
Directory
corrupt five-man executive body created to replace COPS, overthrown by Napoleon
Battle of Trenton
crossing the Delaware, almost no American casualties, boosted morale on Christmas Day
Napoleonic Code
equality and citizenship under the law (for men), religious freedom, less women's rights, brought back slavery
Stamp Act
first attempt to put a direct tax on the colonies, taxed printed goods
essay: What motivated the American colonists to declare independence from Great Britain? How does the American Declaration of Independence justify separation? How consistent is that document with the evidence studied?
intro: rising tensions, tyrannical Britain, fearful colonists, Stamp Townshend Tea Intolerable Acts thesis: legitimate fear for the loss of their freedoms and rights motivated them p1: IDEALOGICAL: Bernard Bailyn, rev was about ideas and legit fears, B.W.'s public letter 1765 (protest stamp act, tax without rep = against everything they stand for, future gens will thank them for fighting back, about ideals), 1st Cont Cong (life, liberty, happy; foundation of gov is rep, so colonists gov themselves but now Brit says no), Common Sense (monarchs = ignorant, Am and Br don't share interests or wars, our own gov is natural right) p2: PROPAGANDA: Howard Zinn, Dec didn't mean what it said (no rights for marginalized), wasn't rlly revolutionary, Abby and John (Abby wants real rev, John never intended to give women rights), anonymous letter (not everyone's on board, needed a rallying point), Interpretations of American History 2009 (South motivated by self-interest, not ideals) p3: AMERICA'S BEST INTEREST: ideas still U.S. foundations, slavery doesn't invalidate Founders' ideas, self-interest always a motivator (dedicating your life), really U.S.'s best interest to split (not pulled into British wars, no pointless enemies, tiny island across sea ruled by ignorant monarch), Declaration = to officially split in best interest (keep ideas and help themselves)
Louis XVI
king during French Revolution, unfit to rule, he and Marie were executed
limited (constitutional) monarchy
king still has power but is kept in check by constitution and Parliament that must be consulted before doing anything
Maximilien Robespierre
leader of the Jacobins and COPS, his execution ended the Reign of Terror
Congress of Vienna
meeting of European rulers, established a system by which the balance of power would be maintained, liberal revolutions would be repressed
Continental Congress
meeting of colonial representatives
moderates
no extreme political views, wanted some change
Committee of Public Safety
oligarchy led by Robespierre that ruled during the Reign of Terror, fixed bread prices, suspended legal rights, led De-Christianization
Olive Branch Petition
one last attempt where the 2nd Continental Congress asked King George III to lower taxes
national bank
one of Napoleon's reforms, issues currency, manages debts, collects taxes, widely successful and improves France's financial situation
Friedrich von Steuben
one of the finest drill sergeants on the planet, hired by Washington
peninsulares
people living in the new world Spanish colonies but born in Spain
Marquis de Lafayette and the French
petitioned the king to let him raise his own money to help America, major general for colonial army
loyalist
pro-British control colonists
patriot
pro-independence colonists
Common Sense
pro-revolutionary pamphlet written by Thomas Paine
Jacobins
radical leading voice of the Assembly, led by Robespierre, ruled during Reign of Terror
Sans-culottes
radicals on the ground leading the mobs, wore loose pants instead of the aristocrats' knee-length pants