Midterm (Institutional Corrections)
The total incarceration rate (jails and prisons) for the United States is which of the following?
700 people per 100,000 residents
About ____ of all correctional costs fall on state and local governments.
90%
According to the text, which of the following is not true regarding community corrections?
Community corrections seek to make the community safe via removal of the offender for as long as possible.
Punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage crime by others is called:
general deterrence.
The legal term for an independent businessperson who provides bail money for a fee, usually 5-10 percent of the total amount of the bail, is
"bondsman."
According to the text, it costs $_________, on average, to build a new jail cell.
$100,000-$200,000
Bruce Western's analysis of the effects of imprisonment on crime rates from 1971 to 2001 shows that incarceration helped reduce crime and violence, but that the contribution was not large and was purchased for ____________ in incarceration costs.
$53 billion
What percentage of women prisoners are parents of minor children?
62%
While studying the prison culture of women, Barbara Owen found that the vast majority of inmates want to avoid behavior that can bring trouble and conflict with staff and other prisoners, because such behavior can cause one to lose good time or be sent to administrative segregation. What is this approach known as?
. "the mix"
In 2013, approximately __________ of all state-prison inmates were serving time as the result of a drug offense conviction.
15.9%
In the United States, the average rate of incarceration increased dramatically in which of the following decades?
1980s
According to the text, putting a person behind bars costs _________ times as much per year as it does to put a person on probation for a year.
25-50
Research cited by the text found that children of incarcerated women are nearly ______ times more likely to be convicted of a crime as an adult compared with individuals whose mother was not incarcerated.
3
According to the text, what is a typical jail sentence for a misdemeanor?
30-90 days
Nearly _____% of all state-level inmates in the United States are housed in maximum-security facilities.
38
In September 2014, the Bureau of Justice Statistics reported that _______ people per 100,000 U.S. residents were held in state or federal prisons.
478
Nationally, about ______% of all people placed in jail are under the influence of alcohol or an illegal drug at the time of arrest.
50
According to the text, which of the following is not one of the reasons prison crowding remains an important policy issue?
According to the text, which of the following is not one of the reasons prison crowding remains an important policy issue?
Which of the following is not one of the concerns identified by the text as a substance dependency issue involving jails and jail inmates?
Because they will not have access to drugs or alcohol in jail, there is no need to identify addicts.
systems help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on client problems, which are identified by a standardized assessment of probationer risks and needs.
Case management
is a goal of punishment which focuses on the notion that both an individual and society as a whole can be discouraged from committing similar crimes through the effective use of certain types of punishments.
Deterrence
According to the text, which of the following is not one of the three main reasons advanced in support of pretrial diversion?
Diversion satisfies the public's "get tough" philosophy on crime
Which of the following was not one of the rules embodied in the inmate code identified in Gresham Sykes's classic study of the New Jersey State Prison at Trenton?
Do what you need to do for your own best interests. Cooperation with staff is acceptable if it helps reduce your sentence or make your time easier. If giving information on other prisoners makes prison safer for you, do so.
According to the text, supervision begins once an offender is sentenced to probation, and it involves three steps. Which of the following is not one of the three steps?
Find a way to revoke the offender's probation for violating its terms, in order to reduce the probation caseload.
During the late 1700s, changes in society affected views on law and criminal justice. Which of the following was not an example of this shift in social and political thinking?
Gallery slavery, the practice of forcing men to row ships, became a common form of punishment.
According to the text, which is not true regarding prison programs?
Inmates who participate in prison programs are less likely to engage in same-sex relationships while in prison.
According to the text, which of the following is not one of the problems of the intermediate sanctions movement?
Intermediate sanctions fail to fit the continuum-of-sanctions approach.
According to the text, which of the following is not true?
Intermediate sanctions provide no justice for many offenders.
According to the text, which of the following is not one of the factors usually cited in support of community corrections?
It appeals to the public's desire for leniency and compassion for offenders.
In the early 1970s, Minnesota passed the first Comprehensive Community Corrections Act. The Minnesota model proved very popular, and by 1995 more than half of the United States had passed community corrections legislation. What was the significance of this legislation?
It funded local correctional systems with money saved by state corrections agencies when individuals were not sentenced to state facilities.
Which of the following is not true of jails, according to the text?
Jails no longer serve a purpose in today's criminal justice system.
began providing bail and other help to offenders in Boston in 1841. This act is considered to be the start of probation in the United States.
John Augustus
Which of the following is not a true statement regarding legal liability and jails?
Lack of funds by tax dollars can excuse the agency running the jail from liability for failing to train staff sufficiently or to provide basic, constitutionally required custodial arrangements.
Which of the following is not true of federal prison inmates?
Most are serving sentences for violent offenses
According to the text, California's Probation Subsidy Act resulted in all of the following, except one. Which one?
Offenders began to be incarcerated in state-funded prisons instead of local corrections facilities.
What are the four approaches that have been used to organize inmate labor?
Piece Price System, Public Account System, State Use System, and Public Works and Ways System
The National Prison Association predecessor of the American Correctional Association met in Cincinnati in 1870 and put forth its famous Declaration of Principles, wherein it proposed a spirit of reform calling for a new design for penology. Which of the following was not one of the proposals?
Prisoners should be locked up for as long as possible at the lowest possible cost.
A period of incarceration with minimum and maximum terms stipulated, so that eligibility for parole depends on the time necessary for treatment, is known as:
an indeterminate sentence.
According to the text, corrections has a reciprocal relationship with its environment; that is, correctional practices affect the community, and community values and expectations in turn affect corrections. Which of the following is an example of how community views and expectations affect corrections?
Taxpayers tend not to spend tax dollars on correctional programs when they lose confidence in the system.
The presentence investigation (PSI) can serve as a helpful tool to judges who hold various sentencing perspectives. Which of the following examples regarding the usefulness of a PSI is not discussed in your textbook, as it relates to these perspectives?
The goal of retribution is served by a PSI because probation officers can typically recommend the maximum punishment allowed under the law based on their personal feelings toward the defendant.
According to the text, those who support intermediate sanctions and community corrections must address three recurring problems in order for the programs to be successful. Which of the following is not one of those problems?
The government must respond to the need for better alternatives to incarceration.
All of the following are true regarding mental health issues of detainees, except what?
The number of people coming to jail with mental health problems is decreasing.
Which of the following is not one of the three major shifts in the working environment of the new correctional professional identified in the text?
The relationship between the offender and the correctional professional has become more important, given the increased individual discretion of the professional.
Which of the following is not an advantage of new-generation jails?
They satisfy the public's desire for harsh punishment for offenders.
Which of the following is true of outsiders' feedback and its impact on the corrections system?
They tend to overrespond to correctional failure but remain less aware of success
Which of the following is not one of the modern issues associated with prisons in the United States, according to the text?
To save money, many states have quit sending individuals to prison and thus have closed units or entire prisons.
Which of the following statements is not true of male versus female subcultural differences in prisons?
Women are less responsive than men to prison programs.
Which of the following is not true of the difference in prison subculture in men's and women's prisons?
Women in prison tend to segregate themselves by race much more than men do.
An architectural design long used for juvenile and women's correctional facilities in which the functional units of a prison are individually housed in a complex of buildings surrounded by a fence is called what?
a campus-style design
A range of correctional management strategies based on the degree of intrusiveness and control over the offender, along which an offender is moved on the basis of his or her response to correctional programs, is called
a continuum of sanctions
A criminal penalty based on the amount of income an offender earns in a day's work is known as which of the following?
a day fine
A system by which jail operations are funded by a set amount paid per day for each prisoner held is known as:
a fee system
Often used in the U.S. south and west, the system of dealing with prisoners whereby, for a fee, the state provided inmate labor to private contractors engaged in agriculture, logging, mining, or construction, is called _________.
a lease system
Intermediate sanctions have two general goals: first, to provide more effective alternatives to probation, and second, to serve as:
a less costly alternative to prison
"Three strikes and you're out" laws are an example of which of the following?
a mandatory sentence
A facility with a podular architectural design and with management policies that emphasize interaction between inmates and staff and the provision of services is known as which of the following?
a new-generation jail
A report prepared by a probation officer who investigates a convicted offender's background in order to help the judge select an appropriate sentence is known as which of the following?
a presentence report
This kind of institution was first created at Elmira, New York, under the direction of Superintendent Zebulon Brockway, was designed for young, first-time felons, and used diagnosis and treatment to reform and rehabilitate those felons. This kind of institution also incorporated a mark system of classification, indeterminate sentences, and parole. It is called what?
a reformatory
The probationer's failure to abide by the rules and conditions of probation specified by the judge, resulting in revocation of probation, is known as which of the following?
a technical violation
A description in a PSI of the costs of the crime to the victim, including emotional and financial losses, is known as which of the following?
a victim impact statement
If an offender were to be sentenced to prison for a term of a minimum of 5 years to a maximum of 10 years, and if the offender's release during this time frame were determined by the parole board on the basis of the offender's behavior and rehabilitation while in prison, that would be an example of which of the following?
an indeterminate sentence
Which of the following is not one of the reasons that have been advanced to help explain the increased rate of incarceration in the United States?
across-the-board increases in crime rates
NIMBY stands for which of the following?
an attitude whereby citizens believe that serious offenders should be incarcerated, but not in the citizens' back yards (Not In My Back Yard)
According to statistics discussed in the text, the most likely outcome of probation is that offenders will
complete their probation
An amount of money, specified by a judge, to be posted as a condition for pretrial release to ensure the appearance of the accused in court is known as what?
bail
According to the text, there are three major issues involved in the PSI, the first being whether sentencing recommendations ought to be included in a PSI. Why is this issue an area of concern?
because a person without authority to sentence is nevertheless suggesting what the sentence should be
Which of the following is not one of the types of classifications of state prisons for men?
boot camp
Which of the following is not a component of today's corrections system identified in the text?
boot camps
According to the text, which is not one of the standard currencies used in the prison economy today?
cigarettes
A process by which prisoners are assigned to types of custody and treatment is known as which of the following?
classification
A model of corrections based on the assumption that reintegrating the offender into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system is known as which of the following?
community corrections
In this system, inmates were held in isolation at night, but congregated in workshops during the day and were forbidden to talk or even to exchange glances while on the job or at meals. This system is also known as the Auburn system, focused on discipline and obedience that included the lockstep and the wearing of prison stripes, and was founded on the principle that industrial efficiency should be the main purpose of the prison. What is the name of this system?
congregate system
The _________ entails building more prisons to meet the rising demand for prison space.
construction strategy
The concept that probation plus a fine or community service may be appropriate for minor offenses, whereas boot camp followed by intensive probation supervision may be right for serious crimes illustrates which of the following?
continuum of sanctions
The term __________usually refers to any action applied to offenders after they have been convicted and implies that the action is "corrective," or meant to change offenders according to society's needs.
corrections
The Fair Sentencing Act reduced the level of sentencing disparity in cases involving:
crack cocaine and powdered cocaine.
The major focus of corrections today seems to have shifted to a _____________ model of corrections, a model that emphasizes the importance of incarceration.
crime-control
According to the text, although one can find correctional institutions that conform to each of these models, most prisons today are mainly
custodial institutions
Which model of incarceration focuses on the goals of deterrence, incapacitation, and retribution?
custodial model
Government seizures of property and other assets derived from or used in criminal activity is known as
forfeiture
Which of the following groups makes up approximately 93% of the U.S. prison population?
d. adult males
In addition to protecting society, the role of corrections is to do which of the following?
define the limits of behavior so that everyone in the community understands what is permissible
The two most important rules of the inmate code are "_______________" and "don't inform on another prisoner."
do your own time
John Irwin believes that we can classify most imprisoned felons according to which four orientations?
doing time, gleaning, jailing, disorganized criminal
The most extraordinary health problem in contemporary corrections is the growing number of:
elderly inmates.
A community supervision technique that uses electronic devices to maintain surveillance on offenders and is ordinarily combined with home confinement is which of the following?
electronic monitoring
According to the text, the probation officer faces role conflict in virtually every aspect of the job. Most of this conflict originates in the uneasy combination of what two responsibilities?
enforcing the law and helping the offender
The Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-RTM) combines 54 different factors taken from 10 areas of functioning and is used to determine risk assessment. Which of the following answers describes areas not used to assess the risk of recidivism, according to the text?
ethnicity; religion; race/gender
A movement to ensure that correctional programs and policies are based on research evidence about "what works" is called:
evidence-based corrections.
Using correctional methods that have been shown to be effective by well-designed research studies is known as which of the following?
evidence-based practice
Which one of the following is not one of the three stages of probation revocation?
explanation hearing
Ideally, corrections should serve what two goals?
fair punishment and community protection
A system of government in which power and responsibilities are divided between a national government and state governments is called:
federalism
Jails are 24-hour operations. Assuming that the typical jurisdiction has a 40-hour workweek with normal holidays and leave time, nearly _____ full- time employees are required to fill one position around the clock.
five
Which of the following adaptive roles would best explain inmates who try to take advantage of prison programs to better themselves and improve their prospects for success after release?
gleaning
During the colonial period in America, jails were used mainly to do which of the following?
hold people awaiting court action or those unable to pay their debts
The goal of punishment that focuses on physically depriving an offender from the ability to commit future crime is commonly referred to as _____________.
incapacitation
A set of rules of conduct that reflect the values and norms of the prison social system and help define for inmates the image of the model prisoner is known as the:
inmate code.
Probation granted under conditions of strict reporting to a probation officer with a limited caseload is known as
intensive supervision probation, or ISP.
The idea that different forms of intermediate sanctions can be calibrated to make them equivalent as punishments despite their differences in approach is known as the principle of
interchangeability.
A variety of punishments that are more restrictive than traditional probation but less severe and costly than incarceration are known as which of the following?
intermediate sanction
Punishments that are less severe and less costly than prison, but are more restrictive than traditional probation, are known as which of the following?
intermediate sanctions
In preparing the PSI report for the judge, the probation officer is engaging in which major function of his or her job?
investigation
Probation officers traditionally perform two functions: ___________ and supervision.
investigation
According to the text, the importance of ________ to the criminal justice system is greater today than in the past.
jail
A movement in which money saved by reducing prison populations is used to build up crime-prevention programs in the community is called:
justice reinvestment
Advocates of the __________________ model of probation argue that conditions for community control must be realistic, individualized, and enforceable.
law enforcement
In reality, how many defendants who are released pending trial are arrested for another crime before the trial takes place?
less than one in five
The law of retaliation—the principle that punishment should correspond in degree and kind to the offense, or "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth"—is known as which of the following?
lex talionis
One of the best ways to reduce ________ is to develop specific standards for routine jail operation practices and procedures.
litigation
A system in which offenders are assessed a certain number of points at the time of sentencing, based on the severity of their crime, is known as the:
mark system.
A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that require treatment is known as the:
medical model
The strategy of doing nothing to relieve crowding in prisons, under the assumption that the problem is temporary and will disappear in time, is known as the
null strategy
Because so many jail inmates have these problems, jails often have been referred to as the social agency of last resort. Which of the following is not a special problem generally associated with jail detainees?
obesity
According to several studies, between ____________ of probationers fail to abide by the terms of their probation.
one-fifth and one-third
According to the text, over ______of female inmates in state prisons are serving time for a violent offense.
one-third
An institution first created in Pennsylvania and New York which was intended to isolate prisoners from society and from one another so that they could reflect on their past misdeeds, repent, and thus undergo reformation is known as which of the following?
penitentiary
With regard to the effectiveness of community supervision, ______________ emphasizes the importance of "results" in setting priorities and selecting activities.
performance-based supervision
Self-contained living areas, for 12-25 inmates, composed of individual cells for privacy and open areas for social interaction, are known as
podular units.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons that help explain the increased rate of incarceration in the United States?
poor programming options
The ability to force a person to do something that he or she does not want to do is known as
power
Also known as a presentence report, a __________________ is an investigation and summary report of a convicted offender's background that helps the judge decide on an appropriate sentence.
presentence investigation
An alternative to adjudication in which the defendant agrees to conditions set by the prosecutor (e.g., counseling or drug rehabilitation) in exchange for withdrawal of charges is known as
pretrial diversion
Detention of an accused person in jail in order to protect the community from crimes the accused is considered likely to commit if set free pending trial is known as which of the following?
preventive detention
A formal, structured activity that takes prisoners out of their cells and lets them perform personal tasks, such as counseling, education, or recreation, is known as which of the following?
prison program
The inmate code emphasizes the solidarity of all inmates against
prison staff.
The process by which a new inmate absorbs the customs of prison society and learns to adapt to the environment is known as
prisonization
Certain types of intermediate sanctions may be administered by the judiciary, in the community by probation departments, or by correctional departments. Home confinement and electronic monitoring are sanctions associated with which of the following?
probation
Researchers report that female inmates tended to form cooperative relationships in which they adopted various roles: father, mother, daughter, and sister. What are these relationships called?
pseudofamilies
Many probation administrators are changing the way they want to be evaluated. Some believe that, instead of being measured solely by rearrest rates, probation should also be evaluated byMany probation administrators are changing the way they want to be evaluated. Some believe that, instead of being measured solely by rearrest rates, probation should also be evaluated by
series of performance indicators
Most of the time, the effectiveness of probation is determined by _______ rates: High rates are seen as a sign of ineffective supervision.
rearrest
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that people on probation may be searched when the probation officer has "____________________" that a crime or a violation of rules may have occurred.
reasonable suspicion
The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior, as measured by new arrests or other problems with the law, is known as which of the following?
recidivism
It funded local correctional systems with money saved by state corrections agencies when individuals were not sentenced to state facilities.
reducing the number of people on regular probation
The text discusses four principles or characteristics of successful and effective probation programs: the risk principle, the supervision principle, the treatment principle, and the
referral principle
The belief that crime is caused by poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunity, and that dealing with crime requires that the effects of these problems be reduced, is known as the:
reintegration model.
The type of pretrial release granted because the judge believes that the defendant's ties to the community are sufficient to guarantee the defendant's appearance in court is known as
release on recognizance.
A relatively new goal of punishment that has emerged over the last decade in which the punishment is designed to repair damage done to the victim and the community by the offender's actions is known as which of the following?
restorative justice
Punishment inflicted on a person who has infringed the rights of others and thus deserves to be penalized is known as which of the following?
retribution
According to the text, criminal sanctions in the United States are used to accomplish which four goals?
retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, and rehabilitation
Which of the following is not one of the three main models of incarceration that have predominated in the United States over the last six decades?
retributive model
The goal of ____________ is to minimize the probability that an offender will commit a new offense, especially by applying tight controls over the probationer's activities and maintaining careful surveillance..
risk management
A divergence in the length and types of sentences imposed for the same crime or for crimes of comparable seriousness when no reasonable justification can be discerned is known as which of the following?
sentencing disparity
An instrument developed for judges that indicates the usual sanctions given previously for particular offenses is known as which of the following?
sentencing guidelines
Reducing disparity in sentencing for similar offenses, increasing or decreasing punishments for certain types of offenders and offenses, establishing truth-in-sentencing policies or laws, reducing prison crowding, and making the sentencing process more rational are goals associated with which of the following correctional tools?
sentencing guidelines
According to the text, states seem to believe that they should run women's prisons as they do prisons for men, with the same policies and procedures, but there are two issues of great importance in women's prisons that are not present in men's facilities. What are these issues?
sexual misconduct by officers and the relationship between mothers and their children
A sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and put on probation is known as which of the following?
shock probation
From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as a means of ______________, compelling people to comply with rules, norms, and laws.
social control
Punishment inflicted on criminals to discourage them from committing future crimes is called:
specific deterrence.
When a court imposes a sentence which requires that some period of incarceration be served prior to probation, the action is known as which of the following?
split sentence
Constraints imposed on all probationers, including reporting to the probation office, reporting any change of address, remaining employed, and not leaving the jurisdiction without permission, are known as which of the following?
standard conditions
In the United States, offenders are held in approximately 1300 confinement facilities, nearly 92 percent of which are operated under _________ authority.
state
Which of the following is defined as "a complex whole consisting of interdependent parts whose operations are directed toward common goals and are influenced by the environment in which they function"?
system
A prison architectural plan calling for a long central corridor crossed at regular intervals by structures containing the prisoners' functional areas is known as a:
telephone-pole design
During the 1700s, Western scholars and activists, particularly in England and France, began a sweeping reconception of society with ideas based on rationalism, the importance of the individual, and limitations on the power of government. This period was known as which of the following?
the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason
Federal prisons in the United States are run by which of the following?
the Federal Bureau of Prisons
Which of the following is not true of Bentham's view of criminal law and corrections?
the belief that capital punishment should be used even on minor offenses to deter others and to weed out "bad seeds"
A model of corrections based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by the increased use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision is known as which of the following?
the crime control model of corrections
At no other time in history, in the United States or elsewhere, has a 35-year growth in the number of prisoners occurred. Your text refers to this phenomenon as:
the great experiment in social control.
In discussing whether incarceration pays, critics suggest that the issue cannot be judged solely by comparing prison costs with reductions in crime. Instead, they propose that we must consider the hidden costs to society associated with incarceration. Which of the following is not one of these hidden costs?
the high cost of prison construction
Which of the following is not one of the three elements of punishment according to Professor Herbert Packer?
the idea that crime is a natural occurrence in a society
Sentencing guidelines have shifted sentencing discretion from:
the judge to the prosecutor
According to the text, the probationer's probation status ends in one of two ways: either the person successfully completes the period of probation, or
the person's probationary status is revoked because of misbehavior
A model of correctional institutions that emphasizes maintenance of the offender's ties to family and the community as a method of reform in recognition of the fact that the offender will be returning to the community is known as which of the followin
the reintegration model
According to the text, what were the factors that caused a shift to a crime control model of corrections, with greater use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision?
the rise of crime in the late 1960s and questions about the effectiveness of rehabilitative programs
Constraints imposed on some probationers force them to deal with a significant problem or need, such as substance abuse. These constraints are known as which of the following?
treatment conditions
A(n) _______________ is a major element of prison society, as items that some inmates want or need are not available because they are illegal or contraband within the prison.
underground economy
The doctrine that the aim of all action should be the greatest possible balance of pleasure over pain, and hence the belief that a punishment inflicted on an offender must achieve enough good to outweigh the pain inflicted, is known as which of the following?
utilitarianism
To be useful, PSIs must offer valid and reliable information. According to the text, which two techniques improve the validity and reliability of a PSI?
verification and objectivity
Which group is often referred to as the "forgotten offenders"?
women prisoners
A conviction that occurs when an innocent person is found guilty by either plea or verdict is known as a:
wrongful conviction.