Final

Precipitation

insoluble salt forms during a chemical reaction

Homogeneous

matter containing two of more different substances in a uniform distribution

Compound

matter made of two or more substances chemically bonded together

Heterogeneous

matter that separates into two distinct layers upon standing

Ideal Gas Law

PV = nRT

Electron Group

Pairs of electrons of that may be non-bonding or bonding electrons

Dalton's Law

Ptotal = P₁ + P₂ + P₃

Boyle's Law

P₁V₁ = P₂V₂

Charle's Law

V₁/T₀₁ = V₂/T₂

Avogadro's Law

V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂

Nucleus

area at the center of the atom where nearly all the mass of the atom is located

Electron Geometry

geometry define by the number of electron groups on the central atom

Saturated Solution

solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve

Neutron

subatomic particle that is located in the nucleus that has no charge

Proton

subatomic particle that was discovered by Rutherford

Solute

substance present in the least amount

Solubility

the maximum amount of solute that will dissolve in a solution

Molecular Geometry

Geometry defined only by the atoms bonded to the central atom

Bent

Geometry for molecules with for electron groups with two loan pairs of electrons on the central Atom

Tetrahedral

Geometry for molecules with for electron groups without a lone pair

Element

Substance made up of only one type of Atom

Solution

a uniform sample of a substance that has a variable composition

Which of the following statements about the states of matter are correct? a. There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, or gas b. Solids are characterized by an indefinite shape and definite volume. c. Solids have virtually no attractive forces between the particles d. Only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

a. There are three main states of matter: solid, liquid, or gas

Which of the following statements about concentration are correct? a. in calculating the mass percent concentration of the solution, the mass of the solute must be added to the mass of the solvent in order to calculate the mass of the solution b. The volume of the solution in molarity concentrations must be in milliliters (mL) c. The volume of the solution in percent (M/V) concentrations must be provided in liters d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

a. in calculating the mass percent concentration of the solution, the mass of the solute must be added to the mass of the solvent in order to calculate the mass of the solution

Bonds that are classified as polar covalent a. involve the equal sharing of valence electrons b. have a permanent dipole between the atoms in the bond c. have a large electronegativity difference between the atoms d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

b. have a permanent dipole between the atoms in the bond

The volume of a gas a. Varies indirectly with the number of moles of gas in a container b. Must decrease in the temperature of the gas increases at constant pressure and moles of gas c. Is equal to the volume of the container d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

c. Is equal to the volume of the container

Which of the following statements about electron configurations and orbital diagrams in Atoms are correct? a. the electron configuration of an Atom organizes the electrons in an Atom in sublevels or subshells b. The orbital diagram organizes electrons in atoms by orbitals. The electron spins are indicated by arrows. c. The Pauli Exclusion principle rule says that any two electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spins d. All of the above statements are correct e. None of the above statements are correct

d. All of the above statements are correct

Chemical equilibrium a. Occurs when the forward and reverse rate of reaction are equal b. Has been established when there is no longer any change in the reactant or product concentration c. Favors the product when Kc (or Keq), the equilibrium constant, is large d. all of the above statements are correct e. none of the above statements are correct

d. all of the above statements are correct

Balancing equations a. involves having the same number and same type of atoms on both sides of the equation b. involves adjusting the coefficients in front of the formulas or the subscripts in the formulas of the compounds c. Derives from the law of conservation of mass d. only two of the above statements are correct e. None of the above statements are correct

d. only two of the above statements are correct

The temperature of a substance a. is related to the thermal energy content to the matter b. can be reported in three common temperatures scales, which all have different zero point value c. is the same as heat since heat is the transfer of thermal energy d. none of the above statements are correct e. only two of the above statements are correct

d. only two of the above statements are correct

Valence Electrons a. determine the reactivity of Atoms with other elements on the periodic table b. represent electrons on that outermost energy levels in the Atom c. can be counted in an Atam from the group number of both the main group and transition metal elements d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

d. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about colligative properties of solutions are correct? a. the vapor pressure of solutions is higher than the vapor pressure of the pure solvents b. As a result of lower vapor pressur,e solutions have higher boiling points than pure solvents c. The colligative properties of solutions depend upon the number of dissolved particles and not the identity of the dissolved particles d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

d. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about solutions are correct? a. In attraction must take place between the Solute and solvent in order for solution to form b. The term "like dissolves like" suggest that solute and solvents must have similar polarities before solution will form c. Hexane Will dissolve large quantities of sucrose due to the presence of OH groups on the sucrose molecules d. only two of the above statements are correct e. none of the above statements are correct

d. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about the Atom are correct? a. The atom is composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons b. the protons and neutrons are located outside the nucleus c. most of the mass of the Atom is located inside the nucleus d. only two of the above statements are correct

d. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about the type of reactions are true? a. In a double replacement reaction, two simple compounds combined together to make one product b. In a single replacement reaction, a free elements replaces another element in a compound c. In a combustion reaction, hey compound reacts with molecular oxygen to produce heat and the incorporation of oxygen within A compound d. only two of the above statements are correct e. None of the above statements are correct

d. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about oxidation and reductio reactions are correct? a. One substance loses electrons and becomes oxidized b. Another substance gains of electrons and becomes reduced c. Both oxidation and reduction occur simultaneously d. only two of the above statements are correct e. All of the above statements are correct

e. All of the above statements are correct

Lewis Structures for elements and compounds a. must display all of the valence electrons for the atoms in the compound or element b. are correct when the atoms contain the correct total number of electrons as well as each atom in the structure having an often or duet of electrons c. do not necessarily convey any information about the shape of the molecule or compounds. d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

e. all of the above statements are correct

The pressure of gases a. depend upon the force exerted by the collisions of the gas particles on the walls of the container b. has various units including atm, mmHg, torr, and Pascals c. exerted by the molecules from the upper atmosphere to the surface of the earth is called the atmospheric pressure d. none of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

e. all of the above statements are correct

VSEPR theory a. stands for valence shell electron pair repulsion theory b. states that electron groups around the central atom are located in the structure as far apart as possible from each other c. predicts that all molecules that have four electron groups should have a tetrahedral electron geometry d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

e. all of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about measured numbers are true? a. every measured number has uncertainty associated with it b. measured numbers are obtained by using a measuring tool c. the uncertainty in a measured number depends upon the uncertainty in the measuring tool used to make the measurement d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

e. all of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about pure substances and mixtures are correct? a. A pure substance is a substance that has a fixed composition b. A mixture is the blending of two or more substances that have no chemical interaction between the particles c. The components of a mixture can be separated by physical method such as filtration or distillation d. Only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

e. all of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about reversible reactions are correct? a. Reversible reactions proceed in both directions from reactants to products and also from products to reactants b. Reversible reactions will normally reach a state of equilibrium at some point c. When a catalyst is used any reversible reaction, both the forward and reversible reaction rates are increased to the same extent d. only two of the above statements are correct e. all of the above statements are correct

e. all of the above statements are correct

The temperature of a gas a. in Kelvin is directly related to the kinetic energy of the gas particles b. must increase when the volume of a gas expands at a constant pressure and moles of gas c. Can be expressed in Kelvin or Celsius when solving gas law problems d.none of the above statements are correct e. only two of the above statements are correct

e. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about electrolytes are correct? a. A strong electrolyte ionizes completely when dissolved in water b. A strong electrolyte solution conducts electriciity very well c. A nonelectrolyte does dissolved in water but does not form ions in solution and instead exists mainly as whole molecules. A nonelectrolyte solution does conduct electricity. d. all of the above statements are correct e. only two of the above statements are correct

e. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about molecular polarity are correct? a. any bent or pyramidal molecule will be polar b. any molecule with a lone pair of electrons will be polar c. any trigonal pyramidal molecule with all the same attached atoms will be non polar d. None of the above statements are correct e. only two of the above statements are correct

e. only two of the above statements are correct

Which of the following statements about the rates of reactions are correct? a. the rate of a reaction is calculated as the change in concentration of reactants or products per change in time b. Rates of endothermic reactions usually increase when the temperature increases c. Catalysts increased rates of reactions by raising the activation energy that increases the efficiency of the reaction d. none of the above statements are correct e. only two of the above statements are correct

e. only two of the above statements are correct

Molecular Compounds a. contain elements that share electrons in order to forms octets like the nearest noble gas elements b. that contain sulfur, phosphorous, and selenium as the central atom may have expanded octets around the central atom c. that have double bonds can have the double bonds averaged among several similar atoms through resonance d. None of the above statements are correct e.All of the above statements are correct

e.All of the above statements are correct

Atom

small indestructible particle described by Democritus

Electron

small particle outside the nucleus that is negatively charge

Unsaturated Solution

solution that can still dissolve additional solute