INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Richard Arkwright

(1732-1792) English inventor, he invented the water-powered spinning frame, improving the production of cotton thread.The water frame could produce dozens of cotton threads at the same time. It lowered the cost of cotton cloth and increased the speed of textile production.

Samuel F. B. Morse

(1791-1872) American artist and inventor, he applied scientists' discoveries of electricity and magnetism to develop the telegraph, which soon sent messages all across the country.

Robert Fulton

(1765-1815) American engineer and inventor, he built the first commercially successful full-sized steamboat, the Clermont, which lead to the development of commercial steamboat ferry services for goods and people.

Eli Whitney

(1765-1825) American inventor whose cotton gin changed cotton harvesting procedures and enabled large increases in cotton production; he introduced the technology of mass production through the development of interchangeable parts in gun-making.

Samuel Slater

(1768-1835) English industrialist who brought a design for a textile mill to America, illegally. Disguised as a farmer, Samuel Slater, immigrated to the United States after carefully memorizing the designs of textile mill machines. He is considered the founder of the American cotton industry.

Francis Cabot Lowell

(1775-1817) American industrialist who developed the Lowell system, a mill system that included looms that could both weave thread and spin cloth. He hired young women to live and work in his water- powered textile mill.

Peter Cooper

(1791-1883) American ironworks manufacturer who designed and built Tom Thumb, the first American locomotive.

John Deere

(1804-1886) American industrialist; he developed a steel plow to ease difficulty of turning thick soil on the Great Plains.

Cyrus McCormick

(1809-1884) American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat.His company advertised, gave demonstrations, let customers buy on credit, and provided a repair and spare parts department to sell the harvesting machine.

Issac Singer

(1811-1875) American inventor; he patented an improved sewing machine and by 1860, was the largest manufacturer of sewing machines in the country.

Lowell Offering

Magazine written by Lowell factory girls

More effects of trains

Steamboats and railroads made getting goods to distant markets much easier and less costly. People in all areas of the nation now had access to products made and grown far away. More than ever before, there was a national economy. The wealth, however, was centered in the North. Railroads contributed to the expansion of the borders of the nation and guided population growth. Towns sprang up at railroad junctions. Those towns that did not have railroads nearby suffered. Cities grew as trains brought new residents and raw materials for industry and construction. The growing prosperity of the nation, especially in the North, encouraged Americans to take pride in their country.

Gibbons v. Ogden

(1824)Increased steamboat shipping led to conflict over waterway rights. In 1819 Aaron Ogden sued Thomas Gibbons for operating steamboats in New York waters that Ogden said he owned. Gibbons did not have a license to operate in New York, but argued that his federal license gave him the right to use New York waterways. In the case of Gibbons v. Ogden, which reached the Supreme Court in 1824, the Court reinforced the federal government's authority to regulatee trade between the states by ending monopolistic control over waterways in several states. The ruling freed up waters to even greater trade and shipping. The Supreme Court ruling reinforced the federal government's authority over the states. (Art. 1, Sect. 8 'Powers Granted to Congress', "To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes"

Lowell Female Labor Reform Association Goals

(1844) 1. To influence an investigation of working conditions by the Massachusetts state legislature 2. To obtain a 10-hour workday. Members of the association passed out pamphlets and circulated petitions.

Sarah G. Bagley

(d. 1847?) American mill worker and union activist, she advocated the 10-hour workday for private industry. She was elected vice president of the New England Working Men's Association, becoming the first woman to hold such high rank in the American labor movement.

Major Effects of Trains

1) People could get to places faster, 2) It didn't cost as much money to buy food, 3) The demand for steel and coal increased, 4) Deforestation increased, and therefor so did cities, and 5) Manufactures and farmers prospered because they could send their goods to distant markets, therefor having more people to sell to.

Ways Lowell enticed girls to come to his factory

1. He gave them education, a room, and food 2. he gave them pretty good wages for that time (between 2 and 4 dollars, -1.25 for boarding), which especially enticed families of the girls who needed money, and who could easily make money this way by sending away their daughters without needing for them to apprentice

Hardships in Lowell Mill

1. The workday was between 12 and 14 hours long, and daily life was carefully controlled. Ringing bells ordered workers to breakfast or lunch. 2. Employees had to work harder and faster to keep up with new equipment, or else they would get cut by the machinery 3. Cotton dust also began to cause health problems, such as chronic cough, for workers.

Joseph Anderson

Anderson became Assistant State Engineer and served was chief engineer of the Valley Turnpike Company, a toll road which extended between Staunton and Winchester, Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley from 1838 until 1841. In 1841, Anderson joined the Tredegar Iron Company in Richmond, Virginia, eventually becoming its owner in 1848. By 1860, he was a leading industrialist in the South and his foundry on the James River was one of the largest in the United States, producing steam locomotives, boilers, cables, naval hardware, and cannon.

Why Britain had more factories than the U.S.

Because British manufacturers had plenty of factory workers with technical skills, they could produce large amounts of goods less expensively than most American businesses could. As a result, they could charge lower prices for the goods. Lower British prices made it difficult for many American manufacturers to compete with British companies. This situation in turn discouraged American investors from spending the money needed to build new factories and machinery. As a result, only a few industries had found a place in the American economy.

What happened when trains came

Canals, the Lanceaster Turnpike, and the Steam boat weren't very sucsessful anymore

Popular industries in America

Cotton goods, flour milling, weapons, and iron production.

Effects of Immigration

More people who hadn't much money came to work in factories

Lancaster Turnpike

The Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, first used in 1795, is the first long-distance paved road built in the United States, according to engineered plans and specifications.[2] It links Lancaster, Pennsylvania, and Philadelphia at 34th Street, stretching for sixty-two miles. Stopped being sucsessful cuz people had SHUNPIKE avoided turnpike!!! then railroads. DIDNT NEED THE STUPID TURNPIKE CUZ IT WAS STUPID LOLOLOLOLOL!

Textile Industry

The first important breakthrough of the Industrial Revolution took place in how textiles, or cloth items, were made. Before the Industrial Revolution, it took a long time to make cloth. This was until Richard Arkwright's invention.

Why the Steamboat was good

The steamboat was well suited for river travel. It could move upriver and did not rely on wind power. Steamboats increased trade and profits because goods could be moved quickly and thus more cheaply.

Effect of water frame

The water frame used flowing water as its source of power. Merchants began to build large textile mills, or factories, near rivers and streams. The mills were filled with spinning machines. Merchants began hiring people to work in the mills. Additional improvements also speeded up the spinning process. Britain soon had the world's most productive textile manufacturing industry.

Goals of Trade Unions, and how they got there

Their main objectives were to improve working conditions and improve pay. To do this they sometimes organized strikes where workers refused to work until their employers did what they asked. However, most were unsuccessful because they need their employers more than their employers needed them.

When and why industries went up

These circumstances began to change around the time of the War of 1812. Since the 1790s, wars between European powers had interfered with U.S. trade. American customers were no longer able to get all the manufactured goods they were used to buying from British and European manufacturers. Then, during the War of 1812, British ships blockaded eastern seaports, preventing foreign ships from delivering goods. Americans began to buy the items they needed from American manufacturers instead of from foreign suppliers. As profits for American factories grew, manufacturers began to spend more money expanding their factories. State banks and private investors began to lend money to manufacturers for their businesses. At the same time, many Americans began to realize that the United States had been relying too heavily on foreign goods. The Impact Today If the United States could not meet its own needs, it might be weak and open to attack. Former president Thomas Jefferson, who had once opposed manufacturing, changed his mind. He, too, realized that the United States was too dependent on imports.

Effect of Whitney's interchangeable guns

Whitney had proven that American inventors could improve upon the new British technology. Machines that produced matching parts soon became standard in industry. Interchangeable parts sped up mass production.

Telegraph

a machine perfected by Samuel F. B. Morse in 1832 that uses pulses of electric current to send messages across long distances through wires

Industrial Revolution

a period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

Interchangeable parts

a process developed by Eli Whitney in the 1790s that called for making each part of a machine exactly the same

Morse code

a system developed by Alfred Lewis Vail for the telegraph that used a certain combination of dots and dashes to represent each letter of the alphabet

Rhode Island System

a system developed by Samuel Slater in the mid-1800s in which whole families were hired as textile workers and factory work was divided into simple tasks. To entice workers, other than hiring whole families, he set up a company store to buy necessities, and built housing next to the factories for them.

Mass production

the efficient production of large numbers of identical goods

Clermont

the first full-sized U.S. commercial steamboat; developed by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807

Transportation Revolution

the rapid growth in the speed and convenience of transportation

Strike

the refusal of workers to perform their jobs until employers meet their demands

Technology

the tools used to produce goods or to do work