nutrition practice questions
glucose
exclusive energy source for neurons
Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? foods and beverages high in caffeine proteins fats vitamins and minerals
fats
One function of vitamin A is to __________. assist in blood clotting form visual pigments help with calcium absorption synthesize DNA transfer electrons in cellular respiration
form visual pigments
Most vitamins __________. are used as building blocks for the body are carbohydrates are metabolized to make ATP function as coenzymes in the body
function as coenzymes in the body
During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by __________. gluconeogenesis glycolysis lipolysis glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules
gluconeogenesis
the formation of glycogen to store glucose
glycogenesis
the cleavage of glycogen to release glucose
glycogenolysis
Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through ________. glycolysis citric acid (Krebs) cycle aerobic respiration electron transport chain
glycolysis
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? electron transport chain ATP production by ATP synthase acetyl CoA formation glycolysis citric acid cycle
glycolysis
The main integrating center for thermoregulation is located in the __________. hypothalamus liver thymus gland mitochondrion spinal cord
hypothalamus
The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is __________. calcitonin ADH thyroxine insulin glucagon
insulin
While traveling abroad in Africa you observe a large number of people with goiter (enlarged thyroid). Which mineral deficiency could be responsible for this? chromium iodine iron fluorine
iodine
Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. -carbohydrate utilization increases -larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones -structural proteins are used as a potential --energy source -ketone bodies are formed
larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
triglyceride synthesis
lipogenesis
Prolonged high protein intake can lead to __________. loss of bone mass a negative nitrogen balance muscle building kidney damage
loss of bone mass
Which of the following is a micronutrient? carbohydrate lipid protein mineral
mineral
may be incorporated into structures to make them stronger
minerals
The site of electron transport is the __________. Golgi body mitochondrial outer membrane cytoplasm mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae) mitochondrial matrix
mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae)
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? Golgi apparatus nucleus chloroplast mitochondrion lysosome
mitochondrion
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Which of the following statements about "redox" reactions in human metabolism is correct? Oxidized substances lose oxygen. The substance being reduced loses an electron. Coenzymes accept hydrogen. Oxidized substances gain energy.
Coenzymes accept hydrogen.
9) The primary function of cellular respiration is to ________. A) determine the amount of heat needed by the human body B) provide the body with adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals C) efficiently monitor the energy needs of the body D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
D) break down food molecules and generate ATP
12) Which of the following food groups are considered good sources of complete proteins? A) corn, cottonseed oil, soy oil, and wheat germ B) lima beans, kidney beans, nuts, and cereals C) egg yolk, fish roe, and grains D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
D) eggs, milk, yogurt, meat, and fish
2) Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A) derived from meat and fish only B) meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet C) derived only from legumes and other plant material D) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
D) must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for maintenance and growth
A person who is starving is likely to exhibit __________. nitrogen balance positive nitrogen balance negative nitrogen balance neutral nitrogen balance
negative nitrogen balance
Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in __________. one or more of the essential fatty acids one or more of the coenzymes one or more of the major vitamins one or more of the essential amino acids
one or more of the essential amino acids
The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is __________. CO2 water NADH oxygen
oxygen
3) The term metabolism is best defined as ________. A) the length of time it takes to digest and absorb fats B) a measure of carbohydrate utilization, typically involving measurement of calories C) the number of calories it takes to keep from shivering on a cold day D) the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building breaking down molecules
D) the sum of biochemical reactions involved in building breaking down molecules
__________ are considered "good" cholesterol; high blood levels of this cholesterol are thought to be beneficial. LDLs HDLs VLDLs Chylomicrons
HDLs
Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol? HDL chylomicron VLDL IDL LDL
LDL
__________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting __________, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant. Growth hormone; lipase Insulin; glucagon Leptin; neuropeptide Y Serotonin; adrenaline
Leptin; neuropeptide Y
Which coenzyme is reduced in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? coenzyme A manganese FAD NAD vitamin A
NAD
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? a. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. b. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. c. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. d. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. e. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
b. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities. Food-induced thermogenesis Total metabolic rate The basal metabolic rate Chemical thermogenesis
The basal metabolic rate
Which statement describes glycolysis? a. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. b. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. c. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. d. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. e. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.
b. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic if consumed in large quantities. True False
True
13. A/an ______ nutrient is one that the body cannot synthesize rapidly enough to be useful. a. important b. essential c. rare d. kilocalorie
b. essential
In the absorptive state, __________. a. glycogen is broken down to release glucose b. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone c. catabolism exceeds anabolism d. fats are the main energy fuel
b. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone
20. All of the following foods are rich in minerals except: a. vegetables b. olive oil c. milk d. legumes
b. olive oil
the initial phase of fatty acid breakdown
beta oxidation
Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin? niacin iron vitamin D beta-carotene
beta-carotene
The official medical measurement of obesity is the __________. basal metabolic rate proportion of bone density to weight body mass index proportion of LDLs to body weight
body mass index
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glycolysis? a. The final products of glycolysis include two molecules of pyruvic acid. b. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of a cell. c. Glycolysis requires oxygen. d. Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule.
c. Glycolysis requires oxygen.
18. What is the true function of molecular oxygen acquired by the lungs? a. O2 catalyzes the breaking of bonds in the glucose molecule b. O2 catalyzes the synthesis of ATP c. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor for the oxidation of food molecules d. O2 drives energy dependent processes in our cells
c. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor for the oxidation of food molecules
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. a. citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl CoA b. glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain c. glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain d. acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis e. electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA
c. glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. a. enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered b. helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation c. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones d. helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs
c. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones
14. It is possible for vegetarians to obtain complete proteins by combining ______ and ______. a. bread... vitamins b. fats... pasta c. legumes... cereal grains d. milk... sugar
c. legumes... cereal grains
Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? a. meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet b. derived only from legumes and other plant material c. must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth d. derived from meat and fish only
c. must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth
In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies b. formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes c. production of energy d. production of some hormones
c. production of energy
15. The majority of the food we ingest is ultimately ______. a. converted to fat b. burned to produce oxygen c. used to synthesize ATP d. stored in the stomach
c. used to synthesize ATP
Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells? minerals carbohydrates vitamins electrolytes
carbohydrates
Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body? lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes vitamins: act as coenzymes carbohydrates: hormones proteins: structural materials in the body
carbohydrates: hormones
Which of the following is an example of catabolism? using amino acids to make a protein absorbing nutrients into the blood from the intestines lipid synthesis cellular respiration
cellular respiration
serves as a precursor to hormones and maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane
cholesterol
Which element below is considered a trace mineral? chlorine sodium chromium potassium phosphorus
chromium
Which statement describes the electron transport chain? a. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. b. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. c. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. d. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. e. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
e. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight? a. an increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake b. an increase in metabolism that increases appetite c. an increase in taste receptors d. an increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate e. an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells
e. an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cells
A function of the liver during the postabsorptive state is __________. a. glycolysis b. electron transport to release glucose c. lipogenesis d. to store excess glucose by glycogenesis e. to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis
e. to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis
Which of the following is a characteristic of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? a. The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2. b. The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol of the cell. c. The citric acid cycle is an anaerobic pathway. d. Pyruvic acid directly enters the citric acid cycle.
a. The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2.
You are reviewing a post-discharge plan of a newly diagnosed patient with Type I diabetes mellitus. Why is the presence of ketones in his urine a significant finding? a. Urinary ketones indicate that the body is using fat rather than carbohydrate as an energy source. b. When blood glucose is high, plasma proteins convert excess glucose to ketones. c. As the body stores extra glucose as fat, ketones are stripped from carbohydrates and appear in the urine. d. Ketone bodies are created when excess blood glucose is transformed into fat by the liver.
a. Urinary ketones indicate that the body is using fat rather than carbohydrate as an energy source.
22. These nutrients form enzymes and most hormones: a. amino acids b. fatty acids c. monosaccharides d. triglycerides
a. amino acids
The role of __________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile. a. high-density lipoproteins b. low-density lipoproteins c. very low-density lipoproteins chylomicrons
a. high-density lipoproteins
Which of the following is considered a long-term regulator of feeding behavior? a. leptin levels b. cholecystokinin (CCK) levels c. blood concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids d. stimulation of stretch receptors
a. leptin levels
used to build enzymes
protein
Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by __________. a. oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process b. gluconeogenesis c. glycolysis d. the Krebs cycle e. substrate-level phosphorylation
a. oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process
19. Why are high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) considered "good"? a. the cholesterol transported by HDLs is destined for destruction b. HDLs transport cholesterol to the peripheral tissues for biosynthesis of steroid hormones c. HDLs transport cholesterol to adipose tissue d. HDLs are actually considered "bad" cholesterol
a. the cholesterol transported by HDLs is destined for destruction
The final product of glycolysis is __________. a. two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP b. two FAD molecules c. two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A and d. two molecules of carbon dioxide glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
a. two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP
As proteins are broken down for energy, __________ is generated; the liver then converts this potentially toxic intermediate into __________. urea; water acid; ammonia ammonia; urea ammonia; glucose
ammonia; urea
The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is __________. melatonin insulin thyroxine melanin glucagon
thyroxine
Which of the following would raise body temperature? evaporation sweating thyroxine dilation of cutaneous blood vessels
thyroxine
During glycolysis, glucose must be activated by how many ATP molecules? one two three five ten
two
Which of the following is not an essential role of the liver? protein metabolism carbohydrate metabolism urea disposal biotransformation functions
urea disposal
A major means for conserving heat is __________. increased convective loss increased metabolic rate vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels enhanced sweating
vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? vitamin B vitamin D vitamin K vitamin A
vitamin B
Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is NOT stored in the body? vitamin K vitamin A vitamin D vitamin E
vitamin K
can function as coenzymes
vitamins
Which of the following is not correctly matched in regard to BMR (basal metabolic rate)? younger age: lower BMR high body temperature: higher BMR increased stress: increased BMR low thyroxine: low BMR
younger age: lower BMR
4) The term basal metabolic rate reflects the ________. A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities B) loss of organic molecules in urine C) energy needed to make all organic molecules D) loss of energy to perspiration
A) energy the body needs to perform only its most essential activities
11) Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A) fats B) vitamins and minerals C) foods and beverages high in caffeine D) proteins
A) fats
6) Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)? A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation B) gluconeogenesis, Krebs cycle, lipolysis C) lipolysis, glycogenolysis, beta oxidation D) glycogenesis, lipogenesis, electron transport chain
A) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
10) Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration? A) oxidative phosphorylation B) substrate-level phosphorylation C) lactic acid production D) oxidation reactions
A) oxidative phosphorylation
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient? minerals carbohydrates ATP vitamins
ATP
1) The molecule that serves as the major source of readily available fuel for neurons and blood cells is ________. A) fat B) glucose C) acetyl CoA D) protein
B) glucose
7) Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A) carbohydrate utilization increases B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones C) structural proteins are used as a potential energy source D) ketone bodies are formed
B) larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones
Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs in order to perform only the most essential activities and is often referred to as the "energy cost of living"? MR TMR BMR BMI
BMR
8) Catabolism would be best described as a process that ________. A) causes a decline in circulating ketone bodies B) builds up triglycerides during the postabsorptive state C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones D) elevates glucagon levels
C) breaks down complex structures to simpler ones
5) It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because ________. A) vitamins provide protection against the common cold B) very few foods contain vitamins C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients D) all vitamins are water soluble and pass out of the body too quickly to ensure utilization
C) most vitamins are coenzymes needed to help the body utilize essential nutrients
A substance that is reduced has lost an electron. True False
False
The body's overall rate of energy output is called the basal metabolic rate. True False
False
The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health. True False
False
A low-density lipoprotein contains __________. a high amino-acid content a high protein content a low cholesterol content a high lipid content
a high lipid content
17. In general metabolic terms, food digestion is a form of ______, while building new protein molecules is a form of ______. a. metabolism... cellular respiration b. anabolism... catabolism c. cellular respiration... metabolism d. catabolism... anabolism
d. catabolism... anabolism
16. The major metabolic function for most vitamins is that they assist enzymes by serving as ______. a. sources of ATP b. building blocks c. docking stations d. coenzymes
d. coenzymes
21. The nutrient used almost exclusively for ATP production is: a. amino acids b. fatty acids c. fructose d. glucose
d. glucose
In the postabsorptive state, __________. a. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone b. glucose is the main energy source c. anabolism exceeds catabolism d. glycogen is broken down to release glucose
d. glycogen is broken down to release glucose
Cyanide acts as a poison by __________. a. irreversibly binding to oxygen b. abolishing the proton gradient by making c. the cristae membrane permeable to H+ d. interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain e. blocking glycolysis
d. interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain
Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are __________. a. stored in the body for times of starvation b. synthesized every day in the body c. only found in grains d. limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed
d. limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed
A kilocalorie is the amount of energy __________. a. needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°F b. needed to move 1 kilogram of water 1 meters c. tored in 1 kilogram of water d. needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C
d. needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C
Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to hypothermia? reduced heart rate drowsiness dehydration shivering reduced respiratory rate
dehydration
