WW1

Verdun

A battle in WWI. Is considered some of the bloodiest fighting in WWI and the German offense was stopped; offensive battle on the western front initiated by Germany in which they hoped to crush France and taken them out of the war, however France was in a very good defensive position and French held it for 10 months. Nearly a million killed. French drew reserve troops from the Somme to help defend. No territory was gained; Battle in WWI that ended in massive casualties and had little direct result

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Pan-Slavism

A movement to promote the independence of Slav people (all slavs shared common nationality). Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Triple Alliance

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI.

No Man's Land

Area between trenches

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Who controlled Bosnia at the time before WW1?

Austria-Hungary

What two old multinational empires particularly feared rising nationalism?

Austria-Hungary worried that nationalism might foster rebellion among the many minority populations within its empire. Ottoman Turkey felt threatened by new nations on its borders, such as Serbia and Greece

Central Powers

Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire

Another name for Serbia

Bosnia

What were some economic rivalries that furthered tension?

Britain felt threatened by Germany's rapid economic growth. By 1900, Germany's new factories were outproducing Britain's older ones.

RAF

British Royal Air Force

T. E. Lawrence

British colonel sent to support the Arab revolt

Otto von Bismarck

Chancellor of Prussia from 1862 until 1871, when he became chancellor of Germany. A conservative nationalist, he led Prussia to victory against Austria (1866) and France (1870) and was responsible for the creation of the German Empire (714)

Somme

Fought in 1916, lasted 6 months. One million+ casualties; very little movement, In an attempt to relive the French at Verdun, the British and French launched an offensive attack. Bloodiest battle

Luftwaffe

German Air Force

Allied Powers

Great Britain, France, Italy, Russia, and later the US

After the war, Ottoman lands were divided into

Mandates (meant to be modernized until they could stand alone

Who "predicted" WW1?

Otto von Bismarck - "I shall not live to see the Great War, but you will see it, and it will start in the east."

Unity or Death (Black Hand)

Serbian nationalist/terrorist group responsible for the assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Powder Keg of Europe

The Balkans; they had a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes. In 1912, several Balkan states attacked Turkey. The new Balkan states fought among themselves over the spoils of war. These wars raised tensions to a fever pitch. By 1914, the Balkans were the "powder keg of Europe"—a tiny spark might lead to an explosion.

which treaty had the most immediate impact on the war?

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Gavrilo Princip

The assassin of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria, a member of the Black Hand

Social Darwinism

The belief that only the fittest survive in human political and economic struggle. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

Paris Peace Conference

The great rulers and countries excluding Germany and Russia met in Versailles to negotiate the repercussions of the war, such leaders included Loyd George (Britain), Woodrow Wilson (America), Cleamancu (France) and Italy. The treaty of Versailles was made but not agreed to be signed and the conference proved unsuccessful.

why did the british declare war on germany

To protect Belgium

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Treaty in which Russia lost substantial territory to the Germans. This ended Russian participation in the war (1918).

When the war reached a stalemate, the Germans tried to overrun the French at

Verdun

Arms Race

With international tensions on the rise, the great powers expanded their armies and navies. The result was further increased suspicions and made war more likely. The fiercest competition was the naval rivalry between Britain and Germany. To protect its vast overseas empire, Britain had built the world's most respected navy. As Germany began acquiring overseas colonies, it began to build up its own navy. Suspicious of Germany's motives, Britain in turn increased naval spending.

14 points

Woodrow Wilson's peace plan, set out before war ended, helped bring it to and end because it helped Germans look forward to peace and be willing to surrender, was easy on the germans punishment for war. Points included: poeple all over the world are to determine their own fate, (self-determination)no colonial powers grabbing nations, free trade, no secret pacts, freedom of the seas, arms reduction, creation of world orginization/League of Nations.

The Big Three

allies during WWII; Soviet Union - Stalin, United Kingdom - Churchill, United States - Roosevelt

what was one result of militarism?

an arms race

League of Nations

an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations

Francis Ferdinand

archduke of Austria-Hungary who was assassinated in 1914

the alliance of germany and austria-hungary was called the

central powers

Some colonists volunteered in hopes that, in return, they would win

citizenship or independence

What brought France and Germany twice to the brink of war in the early 1900s?

competition for colonies

After Russia won victories in eastern Prussia, Germany opened a front in the

east

What is true regarding the ottoman empire during WW1 ?

it joined the central powers

Zeppelin

large gas-filled balloon (used by Germany to bomb England)

WW1 was the first ___________________

mechanized war

Tannenberg

most disastrous military defeat of the Russians where 100,000 Russian troops were captured

Entente

nonbinding agreement to follow common policies

which country gained independence after WW1?

poland

in 1918 europe was in __________

ruins

The allies used their colonies for

soldiers, workers, and supplies for their war effort

Which weapon contributed most to the stalemate on the Western Front during WWI?

the automatic machine gun

Pacifism

the belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.

What had the greatest impact on the outcome of the war?

the involvement of the U.S.

what did conservatives fear would happen in the chaotic climate after WW1?

the rise of communism

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

How did the Germans first respond to the assassination of the archduke?

they urged austria-hungary to stand firm against serbia

what was the main intention of the alliances formed among European nations?

to discourage outside attacks

why did gov't censor the press during WW1?

to prevent discouraging news from reaching the public

What goal for postwar peace was shared by British and French leaders?

to weaken germany and make it pay for the war

What primary warfare was used in ww1?

trench warfare

What helped to persuade the Americans to enter the war?

unrestricted submarine warfare

Why were Serbian nationalists angry when Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary visited Bosnia?

- viewed the Austrians as foreign oppressors - the date chosen for the archduke's visit was a special date in Serbian history - Serbia conquered by Ottoman empire -many years later on that same date Serbia freed itself from Turkish rule.

Why would France want to go to war against Germany?

-to avenge their Franco-Prussian war defeat -gain back border provinces of Alsace and lorrain from German occupation

What were some triggers for international tension?

1. aggressive nationalism 2. imperialism (France + Germany)

What were some efforts to foster peace before WW1?

1. first modern olympics 2. hague tribunal 3. womens activists (believed if women were elected there would be peace(

What were some technological advances of WW1?

1. tanks 2. flamethrowers 3. poison gas 4.airplanes w/ machine guns 5. machine guns 6.

Woodrow Wilson's goal at the Paris Peace Conference

14 points/LoN

What were some imperialist rivalries that furthered tension?

1905 and again in 1911, competition for colonies brought France and Germany to the brink of war. Germany wanted to prevent France from imposing a protectorate on Morocco

Woodrow Wilson

28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize